Medline




        5: Vet Ther. 2005 Fall;6(3):268-76.Related Articles, Books, LinkOut


  Scintigraphic, radiographic, and thermographic appearance of the metacarpal 
  and metatarsal regions of adult healthy horses treated with nonfocused 
  extracorporeal shock wave therapy--a pilot study.

  Verna M, Turner TA, Anderson KL.

  Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, 
  University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.

  Nonfocused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) treatment protocol is 
  commonly used in veterinary practice. This study investigated the effects of 
  four nonfocused ESWT treatments, given 2 weeks apart, on bone 
  radiopharmaceutical uptake and radiographic and thermographic appearance in 
  the metacarpal and metatarsal regions in six adult untrained horses. There 
  were no measurable treatment effects determined by thermography (daily), 
  scintigraphy (at 2-week intervals), and radiography (before study initiation 
  and at study completion) between treated and control limbs. It was concluded 
  that no gross evidence of bone remodeling is detectable by conventional 
  clinical assessment when nonfocused ESWT is applied to healthy equine 
  metacarpal or metatarsal bone.



        8: Am J Vet Res. 2005 Oct;66(10):1836-42.Related Articles, Books, 
LinkOut


  Assessment of scintigraphic and thermographic changes after focused 
  extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the origin of the suspensory ligament and 
  the fourth metatarsal bone in horses without lameness.

  Ringer SK, Lischer CJ, Ueltschi G.

  Equine Hospital, VETSUISSE Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.

  OBJECTIVE: To monitor the effect of focused extra-corporeal shock wave therapy 
  (ESWT) on bone an d bone-tendon junction of horses without lameness by use of 
  nuclear scintigraphy and thermography. ANIMALS: 6 warmblood horses without 
  lameness. PROCEDURE: The origin of the suspensory ligament at the metacarpus 
  (OSL-MC) and the fourth metatarsal bone were treated at 2 time points (days 0 
  and 16) with 2,000 shocks applied by a focused ESWT device at an energy flux 
  density of 0.15 mJ/mm2. One forelimb and 1 hind limb were treated, and the 
  contralateral limbs served as controls. To document the effect of focused 
  ESWT, nuclear scintigraphy was performed on days -1, 3, 16 (before second 
  ESWT), and 19. Thermography was performed on days -1, 0 (1 hour after first 
  ESWT), 1, 3, 8, 16 (twice; before and 1 hour after second ESWT), and 19. On 
  days 3, 16 (first scans), and 19, thermography was performed before 
  scintigraphy. RESULTS: Scintigraphically, significant variations in 
  radiopharmaceutical activity at the OSL-MC were detected in treatment and 
  control limbs. No significant differences, however, in mean temperature or 
  radiopharmaceutical activity could be detected by use of thermography or 
  nuclear scintigraphy, respectively, between the treatment and control limbs at 
  any time point in response to ESWT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After 
  2 treatments of focused ESWT, no physiologic effect on the studied structures 
  could be demonstrated by use of nuclear scintigraphy or thermography. Results 
  of this study indicate that at currently used ESWT settings, no damage to the 
  bone or bone-tendon junction should occur.

  PMID: 16273919 [PubMed - in process] 



        9: Acta Vet Scand. 2005;46(3):137-47.Related Articles, Books, LinkOut


  Infrared thermography and ultrasonography to indirectly monitor the influence 
  of liner type and overmilking on teat tissue recovery.

  Paulrud CO, Clausen S, Andersen PE, Rasmussen MD.

  Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Resear ch Centre Foulum, Tjele, 
  Denmark.

  Eight Danish Holstein cows were milked with a 1-mm thick specially designed 
  soft liner on their right rear teat and a standard liner mounted under extra 
  high tension on their left rear teat. Four of the animals were overmilked for 
  5 min. Rear teats were subjected to ultrasound examination on the first day 
  and to infrared thermography on the second day. Teats were submersed in 
  ethanol 20 min post-milking on the second day. Ultrasonography measurements 
  showed that teat canal length increased by 30-41% during milking. Twenty 
  minutes after milking, teats milked with modified standard liners still had 
  elongated teat canals while teats milked with the soft liner were normalized. 
  Overmilking tended to increase teat wall thickness. Approximately 80% of 
  variability in teat canal length, from before teat preparation to after 
  milking, could be explained by changes during teat preparation. Thermography 
  indicated a general drop in teat temperature during teat preparation. Teat 
  temperature increased during milking and continued to increase until the 
  ethanol challenge induced a significant drop. Temperatures approached 
  pre-challenge rather than pre-milking temperatures within 10 minutes after 
  challenge. Teat temperatures were dependent on type of liner. Mid-teat 
  temperatures post-challenge relative to pre-teat preparation were dependent on 
  overmilking. Thermography and ultrasound were considered useful methods to 
  indirectly and non invasively evaluate teat tissue integrity.



        38: J Dairy Sci. 2005 Aug;88(8):2749-53.Related Articles, Books, LinkOut

   
  Short communication: infrared thermography and visual examination of hooves of 
  dairy cows in two stages of lactation.

  Nikkhah A , Plaizier JC, Einarson MS, Berry RJ, Scott SL, Kennedy AD.

  Department of Animal Science, Univer sity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 
  Canada.

  Hooves of 16 lactating Holstein cows were examined twice for sole hemorrhages 
  and underrun heels. Images of hooves were taken using infrared thermography to 
  determine the temperatures of the coronary band and that of a control area 
  above the coronary band. To adjust for skin (control) temperature, the 
  difference (DeltaT) between the coronary band and the control area was 
  calculated. Effects of stage of lactation, that is, 200 DIM, on temperature of the coronary band, DeltaT, and visual 
  abnormalities were determined. Temperatures of the coronary bands of cows were 
  greater for cows 200 DIM (6.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.9 degrees 
  C). The DeltaT was greater for lateral claws than for medial claws (5.2 +/- 
  0.6 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C). Chi-square analysis revealed that the 
  frequency of sole hemorrhages in hind lateral claws was significantly higher 
  for cows 200 DIM. Increased 
  temperatures of the coronary band and DeltaT in early/midlactation coincided 
  with increased incidence of sole hemorrhages, but not to incidences of 
  underrun heels. Because higher hoof temperatures occurred in cows  240 min. This study demonstrates the feasibility of 
  using directional interstitial ultrasound in conjunction with MRI thermal 
  imaging to monitor and possibly control thermal coagulation within a targeted 
  tissue volume while potentially protecting surrounding tissue, such as rectum, 
  from thermal damage.



        86: Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2005;39(1):70-5.Related Articles, Books, 
        LinkOut

   
  [The factors affecting thermal necrosis secondary to the application of the 
  Ilizarov transosseous wire]

  [Article in Turkish]

  Inan M, Mizrak B, Ertem K, Harma A, Elmali N, Ayan I.

  Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology (Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim 
  Dali), Medicine Faculty of Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey. 
  minan@inonu.edu.tr

  OBJECTIVES: We investigated thermal changes associated with the application of 
  the Ilizarov transosseous wires, the extent of necrosis, and the factors 
  affecting necrosis. METHODS: We used a pair of tibiae from a 1-year-old cow. 
  After removal of metaphyseal areas, each of four equal diaphyseal zones marked 
  on both tibiae was drilled at 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,800 rpm, each time with a 
  new wire. Heat changes were recorded with heat electrodes during the 
  application and the speed of the wire was calculated. For histopathological 
  examination, specimens were obtained at the access and exit sites to assess 
  the extent of necrosis. Thermal changes between the zones and immediate and 
  remote cortices were compared. The most significant factor affecting the heat 
  changes was analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: Heat changes varied 
  between 48.4 degrees C (at 1,200 rpm) and 151.9 degrees C (at 600 rpm). The 
  thickness of the immediate cortex, the time and speed for the wire to pass the 
  cortex were found as significant parameters in heat changes (p=0.003, p=0.01, 
  and p=0.01, respectively). A negative correlation was found between the speed 
  of the wire and the thickness of the necrotic area (r=-0.901, p=0.001). 
  Regression analysis showed that the time for the wire to pass through the 
  cortex was the most significant factor in inducing heat changes in both 
  cortices (p=0.001, p=0.003, respectively). Histopathologically, the extent of 
  necrosis and bone erosion was associated with lower drill speeds. Necrosis was 
  significantly notable in the immediate cortex than that of the remote one 
  (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Transosseous wires should be passed at high drill 
  speeds and with earliest time elapses to reduce thermal necrosis.